Descent from Queen Esther of Persia

Descent from Queen Esther of Persia

by Shawn Henry Potter and Lois Carol Potter
renatuspress.com

The life of Queen Esther of Persia is one of the most inspiring stories in the Bible. By way of reminder, here is a summary of main events.

Background

After King Nebuchadnezzar conquered Jerusalem in 597 BC, he deported Jewish families to the kingdom of Babylon. A beautiful psalm captures the longing of the exiles for their homeland.

By the waters of Babylon,
there we sat down and wept,
when we remembered Zion.
On the willows there
we hung up our lyres.
For there our captors
required of us songs,
and our tormentors, mirth, saying,
“Sing us one of the songs of Zion!”
How shall we sing the Lord’s song
in a foreign land?
If I forget you, O Jerusalem,
let my right hand forget its skill!
Let my tongue stick to the roof of my mouth,
if I do not remember you,
if I do not set Jerusalem
above my highest joy! (Ps 137:1-6)

In 538 BC, King Cyrus of Persia conquered Babylon and allowed foreign captives to return to their homelands. Zerubbabel – a descendant of David – and Joshua – a descendant of Aaron – led 42,360 Jews (a fraction of the total number of exiles) back to Jerusalem. Over time, little by little, other Jews managed to return to Jerusalem as well. Our story occurs in the Persian capital of Susa, where many Jewish exiles still resided.

Queen Esther of Persia

In the seventh year of his reign (479 BC), King Xerxes (called Ahasuerus in Hebrew) of Persia chose Jewish exile Esther (called Amestris in Persian and Hadassah in Hebrew) to be his queen.[1] Driven by hatred for God and God’s chosen people, a senior Persian official of Amalekite descent named Haman devised a plan to exterminate all the Jews in the Persian empire, and convinced the king – who was unaware that Esther was Jewish – to execute the plan on a date chosen by casting lots (Purim in Hebrew). Esther learned of Haman’s plan, revealed her Jewish identity to her husband, and Xerxes executed Haman. The story ends with Esther and her cousin Mordecai, who raised her when she was orphaned, establishing the annual festival of Purim (14 Adar on the Hebrew calendar) to celebrate God’s deliverance of his people from evil.

The story ends with Esther and her cousin Mordecai, who raised her when she was orphaned, establishing the annual festival of Purim (14 Adar on the Hebrew calendar) to celebrate God’s deliverance of his people from evil.

In the seventh year of his reign (458 BC), King Artaxerxes, son of King Xerxes and Queen Esther, issued a decree allowing Ezra and a group of Jewish exiles, including priests, Levites, singers, gatekeepers, and temple servants, to return to Jerusalem.[2] And, in the twentieth year of his reign (444 BC), King Artaxerxes issued letters of safe passage for Nehemiah and a group of Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the city walls.[3] Queen Esther of Persia not only saved her people from Haman’s evil schemes, she also raised her son Artaxerxes to be a blessing to God’s chosen people.

Mathematics of Ancestry

In our discussion of our Ancient Jewish Ancestors (https://renatuspress.com/family/ancient-jewish-ancestors/), we explained that the mathematics of ancestry reveals that every person of Eurasian descent is descended from the ancient Jewish patriarchs and matriarchs. This holds true for Queen Esther of Persia. Here are the calculations.

Queen Esther of Persia was born about 497 BC. Every person living today had about 290 or 1 octillion, 237 septillion, 940 sextillion, 039 quintillion, 285 quadrillion, 380 trillion, 274 billion, 899 million, 124 thousand, 224 ancestors in 497 BC. Although pedigree collapse reduces the number of a person’s unique ancestors in that generation, since the population of Eurasia was only about 85 million in 497 BC, the mathematics of ancestry reveals that Queen Esther of Persia was an ancestor of every Eurasian person living today multiple times over.

Carolingian Descent from Queen Esther of Persia

Can we identify at least one possible generation-by-generation line of descent from Queen Esther of Persia? Genealogical records become increasingly scarce as we go back in time. But the answer to this question is a qualified yes – qualified with the understanding that links between several early generations are based on scholarly conjecture rather than explicit records. The following proposed lineage is based on the work of Christian Settipani and others. It traces a proposed line of descent from Queen Esther of Persia to Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, who is likely the ancestor of every European person living today multiple times over.[4]

    • Esther (Amestris) = Xerxes I, King of Persia[5]
    • Artaxerxes I, King of Persia = Kosmartydene[6]
    • Darius II Ochus = Parysatis[7]
    • Artaxerxes II Abiyataka, King of Persia = Stateira[8]
    • Apama = Pharnabazus, Satrap of Daskyleion[9]
    • Arabazus II, Satrap of Bithnyia = unnamed[10]
    • Spitamenes, Satrap of Baktria = unnamed[11]
    • Apama = Seleucus I Nicator, King of Syria[12]
    • Antiochus I Soter, King of Syria = Stratonice, dau. of Demetrius I Poliorcets[13]
    • Antiochus II Theos, King of Syria = Laodice[14]
    • Seleucus II Callinicus, King of Syria = Laodice, dau. of Andromachus[15]
    • Antiochos III Megas, King of Syria = Laodice[16]
    • Seleucus IV Philopator, King of Syria = Laodice, dau. of Philip V of Macedonia[17]
    • Demetrius I Soter, King of Syria = Apama[18]
    • Demetrius II Nicator, King of Syria = Cleopatra Thea, dau. of Ptolemy VI[19]
    • Antiochus VIII Philometor Grypos, King of Syria = Cleopatra Tryphaena[20]
    • Laodice VII Thea Philadelphus = Mithridates I Callinicus, King of Commagene[21]
    • Antiochus I Theos, King of Commagene = Isias Philostorgos of Cappadocia[22]
    • Mithradates II, King of Commagene = Laodice[23]
    • Mithridates III, King of Commagene = Iotape of Media[24]
    • Antiochos III, King of Commagene = Iotape of Commagene[25]
    • Antiochus IV, King of Commagene = Iotape of Commagene[26]
    • Iotape of Commagene = Gaius Iulius Alexander, King of Cilicia[27]
    • Iulia of Cilicia = C. Iulius Quadratus Bassus[28]
    • Iulia Quardratilla = C. Iulius Lupus T. Vibius Varus Laevillus[29]
    • Aulus Iulius Claudius Charax = unnamed[30]
    • Iulia Quadratilla = C. Asinius Nicomachus[31]
    • Gaius Asinius Protimus Quadratus = unnamed[32]
    • Gaius Asinius Nicomachus Iulianus = unnamed[33]
    • Asinia Iuliana = Quintus Anicius Faustus[34]
    • Sextus Anicius Faustus = Amnia Demetrias[35]
    • Amnius Anicius Iulianus = Caesonia Manilia[36]
    • Amnius Manius Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Paulinus = Auchenia Bassa[37]
    • Anicius Auchenius Bassus = Turrania Honorata[38]
    • Turrania Anicia Iuliana = Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius[39]
    • Anicia Faltonia Proba = Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus[40]
    • Adelphis (or brother Hermogenianus) = unnamed[41]
    • child of Adelphis (or brother Hermogenianus) = unnamed[42]
    • Ruricius, Bishop of Limoges = unnamed[43]
    • daughter of Ruricius = Rusticius, Bishop of Lyons[44]
    • Artemie = Florentin, Bishop of Geneva[45]
    • daughter of Artemie = Munderic, Prince of Austrasia[46]
    • daughter of Munderic = Mummolin, Mayor of the Palace[47]
    • Bodogisel, Ambassador to Byzantium = Chrodoara[48]
    • Saint Arnulf, Bishop of Metz = Dode, Nun of Trèves[49]
    • Ansegisel = Begga, Abbess of Andenne[50]
    • Pepin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace = Alpaide[51]
    • Charles Martel, Duke of Franks = Rotrude of Hesbaye[52]
    • Pepin “the Short,” King of Franks = Berthe of Laon[53]
    • Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor = Hildegarde of Vinzgau[54]

Note: To learn about the descent of Lois Carol Sullivan from Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, and thus from Queen Esther of Persia, see Ancient Jewish Ancestors https://renatuspress.com/family/ancient-jewish-ancestors/. And to learn about the descent of Shawn Henry Potter from Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, and thus from Queen Esther of Persia, see Weston Pedigree Reconsidered: A Review of Documentation Provided by the College of Arms https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BL5B6YN5.

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[1] Esther 2:16. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%202&version=ESV.

[2] Ezra 7:11-26. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%207&version=ESV.

[3] Nehemiah 2:1-9. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%202&version=ESV.

[4] Douglas L. T. Rohde, Steve Olson, Joseph T. Chang, “Modeling the Recent Common Ancestry of All Living Humans” in Nature, vol. 431, 30 Sep 2004, http://www.stat.yale.edu/~jtc5/papers/CommonAncestors/NatureCommonAncestors-Article.pdf.

[5] Esther 1-10. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Esther%201&version=ESV. See also Herodotus, Histories 7.61, 9.109–113. See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’antiquité: etudes des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’antiquité et celles du haut moyen-age européen (Paris, France: Christian, 1989), 141.

[6] Menachem Posner, https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/5427040/jewish/15-Facts-About-Queen-Esther.htm. “The Midrash states that King Darius was the son of Esther. According to the Talmud, Darius is the same as Cyrus, the king who allowed the Second Holy Temple to be built in Jerusalem.” See also Vayikra Rabbah 13:5. Said R. Yehuda son of R. Simon, “Darius the Last was the son of Esther, pure from his mother and impure from his father.” See also Rosh Hashanah 3b:10. “And further, a second objection: Are Rav Yosef’s objection and Rabbi Abbahu’s resolution comparable? There, Rabbi Abbahu speaks of Cyrus, whereas here, the verses speak of Darius, and it was never said about Darius that he was a virtuous king. The Gemara explains: This is not difficult, as the Sages taught in a baraita: All three names are referring to the same person: He is Cyrus; he is Darius; and he is also Artaxerxes. He was called Cyrus [Koresh] because he was a virtuous [kasher] king; he was called Artaxerxes after his kingdom, i.e., this was his royal title; and what was his real name? Darius was his name.” See also “Artaxerxes I.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_I. (Cites classical sources including Ctesias; also discussed in family genealogies and Book of Esther traditions identifying her with Esther.) See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 141.

[7] Ehsan Yarshater, “Darius iv. Darius II” in Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. VII, fasc. 1, Columbia University Center for Iranian Studies, 1994, pp. 82-84. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darius-iv/. See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 100.

[8] “Stateira (wife of Artaxerxes II).” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Artaxerxes_II). (Based on Plutarch’s Life of Artaxerxes and Ctesias.) See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 100.

[9] “Pharnabazus II.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharnabazus_II. (Cites Plutarch Artaxerxes 27 and Diodorus Siculus.) See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 139.

[10] “Artabazos II.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artabazos_II. See also John Hyland, “Artabazos and the Rhodians,” in Ktèma, vol. 47, 2022, pp. 1-15. See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 139.

[11] “Spitamenes.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitamenes. (Cites Arrian Anabasis 7.4.6.) See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107, 129-139. (Settipani proposed that Spitamenes was a grandson of Apama and Pharnabazus II, Satrap of Daskyleion on the Hellespont.)

[12] “Apama.” Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, www.britannica.com/biography/Apama. (Also in Arrian and Appian Syrian Wars.) See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107, 139.

[13] John D. Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer (Brill, 1997). (Confirmed in Plutarch Demetrius and Appian.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty. See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107, 139.

[14] John D. Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer (Brill, 1997). See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[15] John D. Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer (Brill, 1997). See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[16] John D. Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer (Brill, 1997). See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[17] John D. Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer (Brill, 1997). See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[18] John D. Grainger, A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer (Brill, 1997). See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[19] “Demetrius II Nicator.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator. (Based on Josephus and Appian.) See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[20] “Antiochus VIII Grypus.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus. See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[21] “Laodice VII Thea.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodice_VII_Thea. See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[22] “Antiochus I Theos of Commagene.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene. (Based on Nemrud Dağ inscriptions and Facella, La dinastia degli Orontidi.) See also Christian Settipani, Nos ancêtres de l’Antiquité: études des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l’Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen-Age européen (Paris, France: Editions Christian, 1989), 107.

[23] “List of Kings of Commagene.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Commagene. (Genealogy drawn from inscriptions.) See also Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 447-448.

[24] “List of Kings of Commagene.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Commagene. See also Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 447-448.

[25] “List of Kings of Commagene.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Commagene. (Epigraphic and numismatic evidence.) See also Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 447-448.

[26] “List of Kings of Commagene.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Commagene. See also Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 447-448.

[27] “List of Kings of Commagene.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2026, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Commagene. (Cites Josephus Antiquities and Roman epigraphy.) See also Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 447-448, 456.

[28] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 458.

[29] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 458.

[30] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 458.

[31] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 189.

[32] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 189.

[33] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 189.

[34] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 432.

[35] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 432.

[36] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 432.

[37] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 432.

[38]  Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 432. See also Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), charts on pp.292-293.

[39] Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines: mythe et réalité (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2000), 432. See also Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), chart on p. 293.

[40] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 172. See also Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), chart on p. 293.

[41] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 172, and chart on p. 293.

[42] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 172, and chart on p. 293.

[43] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 172, and chart on p. 293.

[44] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 172, and chart on p. 293.

[45] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 172, and chart on p. 293.

[46] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 95-96, and chart on p. 293.

[47] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 79-80, and chart on p. 293.

[48] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 63-65.

[49] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 43-48.

[50] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 31-33.

[51] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 22-25.

[52] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 18-20.

[53] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 18-20.

[54] Christian Settipani, Les Ancêstres de Charlemagne: Les 2048 Quartiers du Premier Empereur Franc, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Oxford University, 2015), 18-20.